What is real is that phobias are all... phobias, irrational fears. CBT works well with them, but like another stated, you must be willing to do the work. If you don't think you can, or don't believe CBT will work for you, then it won't. BUT it can work for you, imo.
I'm sorry you have a phobia. I had this same fear for a short time, so I know how horrible it can be. (I had jaw surgery where I could not open my mouth, and was nauseated from the surgery...)
Thought changing is what you need. Exposure therapy probably isn't the best course of action.
When you begin to fear, then try remembering to change your thinking to: I don't usually vomit. If I do vomit, what is the worst thing that could happen? (Usually a T will help you realize that things aren't so horrible IF.) You also need to focus on your breath, as holding your breath makes the fear worse.
You can run through the CBT common distortions of thought, and find many of them that you are doing I think. Black and white thinking? Catastrophizing?
IMO you can go back to a CBT therapist and have them explain it to you better, so you realize that IS the tool you can use to heal. Good wishes.