You asked lots of good questions, and there are just a few that maybe I can shed some light on. Remind me later if there is still something that you want me to try to look up, ok?

Freud's major theory and method of doing therapy is Psychoanalysis (aka Analytic). There were professional organizations and societies developed around this method, and they were pretty rigid about sticking to an exact protocol. When someone didn't do it exactly their way, they often kicked them out, revoked their membership, and generally trashed anything they had to say on the matter. There was some antagonism even between Freud and Jung, and others who were very closely associated with Freud. Freud wanted devout followers, not people to springboard off of him.

But more and more people began to see that there was a lot of good stuff in Psychoanalytic theory, even if there was a bit here and there that they couldn't get totally onboard with. So they developed their own theories with Psychoanalysis as a springboard. All of those theories that are based on Psychoanalysis but aren't Psychoanalysis are called "Psychodynamic." Psychodynamic theorists often consider themselves quite loyal to psychoanalysis although the strict psychanalists may reject the psychodynamic theories for not strictly following the protocol.

Attachment theory is a psychodynamic theory, but not a therapy all by itself. Self Psychology and Object Relations are a few more psychodynamic theories, as are Adlerian (Individual Psychology), and theories by Erik Erikson, Sullivan, Horney, Fromm, etc. Object Relations is based on Attachment theory. Here's a link on Psychodynamic approaches: http://www.ryerson.ca/~glassman/psychdyn.html#Others

Other theories were developed too that were more in opposition to Psychodynamic thinking. Psychodynamic theories look at development and the past. Behaviorism opposed that and said we really don't care about the past - it's all about the environment and reinforcers and observable behavior. They were very rigid at first in their own way, and have softened a lot. Cognitive-behaviorism developed, and recognized the connection between thought, feeling, and behavior (Bandura's Social Learning Theory is a good one).

And then there were the Humanists, who said that people are naturally good and just need to be allowed to be themselves, and all that therapists need to do is listen with empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. They said that people know what they need to do, they just get stuck because so many of others' expectations have conflicted with that internal sense of who we are.

Those are the basic trunks of the tree, and many theories have developed around those, on bigger or smaller branches of their own. If you want to know more about the theories, a great webpage (e-book) is http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html or you might consider taking a Personality Theory class.

Another psychodynamic theory that I think is really interesting is Psychosynthesis http://www.psychosynthesis-uk.com/ (at least I consider it psychodynamic, but I'm not sure everyone classifies it quite that way - there is a lot in there that is humanistic/existential too).

Wow - lots more than I intended to write. Well, take what you want from it.

Rap