I would look at the whole (your post) from an outside point of view, as if I were reading what someone else had written. What jumped to mind for me is that you are slapping down the praise in case it is true.

If someone else says you did something well, you might feel like you always have to do that or things like that well from here on out? Or, you might be warding off when you inevitably make a mistake and do something poorly.

I would reframe things, look at them in reverse order. Mistakes are good! You cannot learn without mistakes. You want to make mistakes so you know what to practice. Thank someone for giving you praise but think yourself into being a bit disappointed that you did not learn anything new, did not get an "assignment", learn a secret made just for you.

Also learn to differentiate types of praise. Someone commenting positively on your looks or clothes or "things" about you, that praise is ho-hum because it is not really something you "did" personally. Yes, I'm fortunate in my ancestors that I have good hair Even someone saying I have a good sense of direction (got from point A to point B well) or am "honest" or "nice". Ho hum, sense of direction is genetic and some of honest and nice is and some of it was beaten into me by my stepmother

Getting an "A" on a paper you have written, that is different and, for me, has lots of booby traps. If I know I did not "do my best" or procrastinated until the last minute, etc. then, yes, it can feel like cheating but, again, I feel like I'm cheating because it is partially genetic, built in? It is "ho hum" time and disappointment in myself for not working harder on it. But the other person does not have to get involved in that! That's my problem, not theirs. They are admiring the paper, doesn't matter how I got there, I will take "responsibility" for myself and my paper, this one they have judged good and I will thank them and take note that if I decide I want to write I do not have to "worry" about my procrastination and other bad habits because I'll probably do okay no matter what. So, I quit fighting with myself over procrastination and just concentrate on what I want. . . to write. It is hard, the procrastination wants to get in the way and all the other bad habits but I have time to work with that, whittle away at it by making myself do what I want, sitting myself in a chair and working on whatever for 10 minutes, etc. If I get an A with "no" effort, think what could happen with a "little" effort? It's an exciting idea to try, might help one blow past the crap standing in the way.

Long story short? Figure out what is behind your individual reaction (only you can figure that out) and be glad you have that reaction. I was very anxious, why I was in therapy, but came to understand that my defenses were extremely good! I had the portcullis down, drawbridge up, the alligators in the moat alerted and men on the ramparts with boiling oil before whoever I felt was threatening me could blink! I was taking care of myself! So, I could dare a bit more because I was so very prepared to defend. I could take a moment extra to "see what happens" and decide for myself if I was in trouble or wanted to go on another moment.

Do that with praise. Say "thank you" and then keep concentrating on what they said instead of what you immediately throw up in your head? "You did a good job on the Smythe project". Look at the project and how it came out instead of the "you did" portion. Someone liked it. Okay, you have to accept that because it is someone else's opinion. You don't have to marry the person or even agree that it was your best work, you just have to agree that they liked it. Give yourself a few moment to think about that before you go into "but I should have. . ." mode? Eventually you will get tired of the conflict and move on to something more productive.