it's different in terms of educational concentration, licensing, and professional affiliations. Most times, a counselor can be anyone at least with a BA, and then certificate courses. Therapists are required to have at least an MA. Psychologists must have a PhD or PsyD. Licensed Clinical Psychologists must have completed more "clinical" hours than the average Liciensed Psychologist, meaning they needed more emphasis on client contact than on research. Both PhD programs and PsyD programs can offer clinical experience, but most PhD Psych programs focus on research.
You can get a degree in education with a concentration in counseling and mental health. This generally leads to a career in guidance counseling, though it can be used to get LPC credentialing for provate or community practice not related to education.
Generally, substance abuse counseling only requires a certificate program for the client-level of care, but a higher degree is needed for administrative positions in the field (clinical director of a program, etc).
Education and requirements vary greatly by state or region of the country in the US. I have found quality of providers also varies greatly due to this. In FL, you can get a certifficate in counseling or substance abuse and still be elligable for licensing as an LPC. This is not the case in CT, where you must at least have a BA/BS in social work, an MA/MS in psychology, or a PhD in Education to get the same letters after your name, but again, they mean different things. Different levels of supervision are required with each credential, so you get different skill-levels.