I was going to give a long answer but suddenly realized I don't really understand the first paragraph. It would help if you could mention specific examples or elaborate a bit.

Because I can only think of two things: a rational discussion or debate with the purpose of clarifying a concept or view (which I'm sure happens in many other areas) or more like self-reflective kind of discussion, like when two therapy patients are having an emotional argument but are able to extract themselves from the heated debate and look at the triggers that got them going (free of judgment), using the debate as something positive and educational that helps them gain perspective and awareness and psychological growth. Which is certainly not how debates end in real life!