Some states have opted to set up their own exchanges/marketplaces for people to shop for insurance plans. If you don't know whether your state has one, you can go to healthcare.gov and find out. If your state has its own exchange, it'll direct you there. If not, you can use the federal exchange to compare plans that are available in your state.

But frankly, if you live in a state that hasn't expanded Medicaid, you're unlikely to find anything with a premium lower than the $50 you're already paying. It sucks...so tell your governor that you want him/her to accept the Medicaid expansion so you can afford healthcare.

Your other question would involve a very long answer about economics and how the government is funded, but the basic gist is that the healthcare law is already funded. So don't worry too much about that aspect of it.