It sounds to me like you have a creative mind, and also some challenges in your life. When you are in class, and your mind goes someplace else, and you come back and it seems like you missed something, that is called dissociation. Dissociation is a normal ability. We all do it if we get really into a movie or a book, or if we are doing something routine that doesn't need our full attention so our minds wander. There are also dissociative disorders. What makes it a disorder is when people dissociate too much or too easily, and it becomes the main way they deal with any kind of challenge, and they can't stop doing it when they want to. I don't know whether or not you have a problem with that, or if you are just noticing yourself doing something that we all do but not everyone is aware of. I have a personal belief that people who are really good at dissociating are generally of above average intelligence, and I also see the fact that you noticed it, and also your unsual way of looking at the world (shown by your questions that surprise your teachers) as evidence of intelligence.

Intelligence doesn't always make life any better or easier though, especially if it is to an extent that makes you stand out as being different. You may need to learn how to cope with your high intelligence, and maybe with traumas in your life, such as your father leaving. If you have concerns, then you probably should speak to a mental health professional.