I'm sorry you have to deal with this, Shy. It sounds like you made a good start on the phone, though. You stood your ground, you gave good reasons for why they couldn't visit, and you hung up instead of getting bogged down in your father's ranting behavior. I think it is reasonable of you to expect to be given a certain period of time to recover from trips or illnesses.
I think it is reasonable to expect your husband to back you up with your father, especially when family dynamics are unhealthy at best. You might consider giving your husband a heads up next time when possible about what you would like to do or not do regarding your father. So he has a chance to be supportive of you, and less opportunity to fall back on his instinct to 'humor' his seniors.