As other have said, it is not discrimination because you haven't provided documentation. Professors can get in a lot of trouble passing students that didn't meet the requirements for passing. Depending on your schools policies, an incomplete might be possible so you can keep working on the class after the term is over.

If you live in the US, you can get extra help(more time on assignments, tests, more excused absences etc) if you get registered with the disabled student office. You need medical documentation for that. They legally can't take your word for it. It is a tough situation, but the rules are in place for a reason. The point of the program is to put you on the same level as the rest of your class. There is no legal basis to give you an advantage.

I had to get registered and it was the best thing for my studies and anxiety. Just knowing I had extra time helped immensely and once I was registered I never struggled again because of my mental/neuro issues.

Taking care of yourself is priority #1. When I was a graduate instructor, I had a student with severe heart problems that had to drop out. His parents actually came in to apologize to me for some reason. They told me he does this once a year, goes to school, gets overwhelmed, causes his heart issues to get worse and he needs to be hospitalized mid-term and tries again next year. He was risking his life and just spinning his wheels and wasting time and money(and pell grant eligibility) and getting nowhere. He was mid 20's and had been doing this since he graduated HS and had no credits earned.

With mental health issues, failure in school is much more devastating. I know that first-hand. Take care of yourself, get some measure of control over your anxiety and try again. School will always be there, unless you flunk out because your anxiety overwhelmed you.